Latin Conjunctions and How to Use Them

In Latin and in English, conjunctions are words that join other words together. The very word conjunction means join together: con  with   junct...  (from  iungo) join. The most common conjunctions in English are and, but, and or. And is used to join any two parts of a sentence together. But is an adversative, and contrasts parts of a sentence. Or may be referred to as a disjunction and means different things depending on whether it is being used informally or mathematically/logically. Latin Conjunctions Latin has comparable conjunctions, but it has more of them. The basic conjunctions in Latin are: et,-que,sed,at/ac,atquenec,neque,velaut. The Latin Conjunction And To translate the English and you would use the Latin  et  if you wanted the conjunction to be a separate and independent word, and  -que  if you wanted a conjunction that is added to the end of the second conjoined object. In the following, the  bolded  forms are the conjunctions. arma virumque  canoarms and the man I singvsarma  et  virum canowhich doesnt fit the hexameter meter Vergil needed in the Aeneid, but means the same thing. There are other words for and like  ac  or  atque. These can be used, like  et ... et, in pairs as correlative conjunctions to mean both ... and. The Latin Conjunction But The Latin for but is  sed  or  at vera dico,  sed  nequicquam....I speak the truth, but in vain.... The Latin Conjunction Or The Latin for the correlative conjunction either ... or is  vel ... vel  or  aut ... aut. Aut  or  vel  can also be used singly for or. the negative is  nec ... nec  or  neque ... nequemeaning neither ... nor.  Nec  or  Neque  used singly means (and) not.  Vel  and  autmay be described as disjunctions. An aside, the use of v to stand for or in symbolic logic comes from the Latin word  vel. Coordinating Conjunctions A coordinating conjunction is one that pairs a set of equally ranked words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. ac - andat - butatque - and, and also, moreoveraut - oret - andnec non - and besidessed - butvel - or Pairs of Conjunctions (Correlative) Correlative conjunctions are terms that are pairs of equal objects: atque ... atque - both ... andaut ... aut - either ... oret ... et - both ... andnec ... et - not only ... but alsonec ... nec - neither ... nor Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions are words that compare an independent clause to a dependent clause: the dependent clause cannot stand on its own, but rather delimits the main part of a sentence. antequam - beforecum - when, whenever, since, becausedum - while, if only, so long as, untilsi - ifusque - untilut - while, as Sources Moreland, Floyd L., and Fleischer, Rita M. Latin: An Intensive Course. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977.Traupman, John C. The Bantam New College Latin English Dictionary. Third Edition. New York: Bantam Dell, 2007.

Taste Aversion through Classical Conditioning Essay

Taste Aversion through Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning states that learning is a gradual process, that it is not possible for a subject to be classically condition in only one trial. However, if you eat something and become sick from it, there is a very good probability that you will develop a strong distaste for that food. This effect is known as taste aversion, which has brought up many questions about classical conditioning. It was Garcia and Koelling (1966) who studied the level of conditioning in rats using two conditioned stimulus (CS), an audiovisual stimulus and a salty flavor added to drinking water. The two unconditioned stimulus (UCS), a mild foot-shock and a nausea-producing drug. In the conditioning†¦show more content†¦It is seen that the rats promptly learned to associate a taste CS with a UCS of nausea but not with the foot-shock, where the audiovisual CS was conditioned to the foot-shock but not to nausea (Walker 1995). Taste aversion has violated three principles of classical conditioning, the first is that equal associability of stimuli: any CS can be paired with any UCS. This has proven to be untrue because if it were, the rats that became sick would have avoided both the salty water CS and the audiovisual CS. The second principle violated is temporal contiguity: CS and UCS have to be presented close together in time. Again untrue in this case because of such a long delay between drinking the salty water and becoming sick. The third and final principle is that learning is gradual, but in this case only one trial was enough. The studies done by Garcia and Koelling have had much support from many other experiments done in similar or the same situations. A study of ingestional aversion (Gregg, Melanie, Kittrell, Domjan Amsel, 1978), where 12 and 15 day-old rats were conditioned by infusing a .5% solution of saccharin into the oral cavity. This was then followed by an oral infusion by the injection of lithium chloride. At both ages, subjects that had saccharin exposure was followed by a lithium injection within 2 to 3 minutes drank less when theShow MoreRelatedLearning Experience Paper : Smoking Cessation Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pagesfurther, what does learning mean, precisely? Namely, the definition of learning is the resulting change in behavior or knowledge that occurs through experience (Boundless, 2016). Moreover, (from a psychological aspect) associative learning entails linking particular stimuli or events that occur jointly in the environment (such as in classical and operant conditioning). A nd, cognitive-social learning is a cognitive learning process - series of thoughts and comprehension with experiences and actions -Read MoreBiological Constraints in Classical Conditioning1993 Words   |  8 PagesWhat are the biological constraints in Classical Conditioning? 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English Exam Free Essays

I personally think â€Å"Culture Smarts Norway a Quick Gulled to Customs Etiquette† has managed to capture the Norwegian lifestyle well. The tips are angled in a way for the reader to better understand Norwegian way of thinking and acting. Basic information about the Norwegian people and what values we got, that may be very different from other cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on English Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Being aware of other cultures values is an important and clever thing to do when traveling abroad. It strengthens your chances of good communication and prevents you from being misunderstood as easily. The only negative thing to say about the text is that It has put a lot of weight on Just explaining why we are so reserved, to help prevent foreigners from misunderstanding us. Of course this is important information, but there could be given more advice on how to otter the communication with us, rather than it mostly being excuses for our rather strange behavior. But don’t get me wrong, if I was to write a guide like this, I would most definitely mention the same things, but with some enhancements In the communication part. Appease 3. C) Do we really want to know? Weeklies; the weapon that â€Å"leaks out† confidential Information Into the public domain, Information the government Intended to keep secret, and backing the Information with trustworthy sources, as well as making sure the Individual providing the highly classified material remains anonymous. Weeklies has been a hot topic in the media the last couple of years. It’s not the information being given that is the main focus, but the fact that the Information is being given. Whether it Is good for the public to know, or if much of the information should be held kept, as intended. I personally appreciate such information. We all know terrible things happens in war, out rapports Ana Tall Dotage snowing emulates Ana Inhuman actions In war, causing death of civilians is something I feel is right for the public to see. To help prevent the government from believing they are untouchable. To help prevent military actions aging lives’ of the innocent, without consequences. For each individual, and their rights to know what is going on in the world, this information is best to be official for the public. But is this what’s best in the bigger picture? Is much of this information held secret, not only to hide information that is not accepted by the public, but to benefit world peace? Will the leaked information cause bigger consequences for cooperation between countries? Is the reduced trust in our government benefiting us, or is it better not to know? Maybe some of the information from Weeklies is better of being unknown to the public, in order to maintain world order. How to cite English Exam, Papers English Exam Free Essays

Northop Frye free essay sample

Northrop Frye discusses several issues which face the modern world and our generation. Mostly, he talks about how reading is no longer Important for literacy. Its mall use nowadays, he argues, Is to read every day things Like traffic signals, and to read only as much as you need to make money at work. Frye argued that literacy Is no longer valued In modern society. Because of this, people dont think as much and they all have basic thoughts that arent unique.His conclusion is right, and this is evident in through the popularity often- messaging, using click phrases, and the shame that adolescents feel in articulation of their thoughts. Text messaging has made a shorthand version of English that many youth are beginning to use as an everyday language. Instead of full sentences and proper spelling, they only use a few necessary words and dont spell words completely. We will write a custom essay sample on Northop Frye or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They do this so that they can fit many things into a limited testing space.Twitter, the social media website, also adds to this habit because it only allows each wet to be 140 characters long. As a result, words have become less sophisticated and only the things that are necessary are said. Like Frye said, such a habit will create a society that only thinks that the basic words are Important, and doesnt believe In valuing words that would be more complex. Therefore, the same words are used over and over gall and new thoughts arena made by people. Secondly, Frye talks about how modern people use a lot of clicks..This means that they only use certain phrases that are widely used by everyone, and hence everyone basically beats the same phrases and the same thoughts. Frye refers to them as simply verbal formulas that have no thought behind them but are put up as a pretense to thinking. In other words, people dont bother to think of new sentences and new thoughts. They say the ones that have been repeated by many people before, and dont create their own and use new words. Therefore, modern society doesnt value literacy but only uses the words that are necessary.The last point that Frye makes Is that youth are afraid to articulate In their speech ND use more advanced language. This is related to the second point, because they are again using only words that are common to everybody. Frye says that its not that youth are too lazy to use articulate speech, but they are actually afraid to use it. This fear is made by society because it tells them that being articulate is strange and makes you stand out in the crowd. If you want to be similar to everyone around you, you should use the same simple language that they use so that you wont seem strange to them.Frye says that this is something that many governments support, because if people have limited words, they wont have many clear thoughts and they will not have the mentality to question the government and fight tyrants. Therefore, society and governments can put fear of speaking articulately In people and this Is made us less likely to use non-gulch terms and to make new thoughts for ourselves. In conclusion, many of the thoughts that people have are similar, because their we hear on a regular basis, this makes our thoughts the same and we do not learn anything new.So that makes us think the amount of words we know is enough. This stops us from learning more new words which makes our literacy really poor. Not only that but we keep on using the same phrases which we repeatedly keep on hearing, instead of learning more. To conclude people should take their literacy more seriously and try to learn more because a society like ours doesnt have much interest in literacy and it is compulsory to read and write because society must have docile and obedient citizen.